Surveying

Description

Surveying and mapping is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth and to depict them in a usable form. Surveying method is used for measurements of river channel and lake configurations. Surveyors use various tools to do their work accurately such as total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, prisms, 3D scanners, radio communicators, handheld tablets, digital levels and surveying software. Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history. It is required in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction.
The basic principles of surveying have changed little over the ages, but the tools used by surveyors have evolved tremendously. Engineering especially civil engineering, depends heavily on surveyors. Whenever there are roads, railways, reservoir, dams, pipeline transports retaining walls, bridges or residential areas to be built, surveyors are involved. They establish the boundaries of legal descriptions and the boundaries of various lines of political divisions too.
This book arranges the topics in a lucid form and is written in colloquial English. All the essential aspects of this subject have been included. The present study should prove very useful for students and teachers.